Közép-Európai Közlemények

Somogyszob gazdasági változásai a két világháború között

Kaposi Zoltán — Wed, 23 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0200

This study examines what social and economic changes took place in the interwar period in a traditional rural region. From an economic geography perspective, the village of Somogyszob lies in the less favourable part of the Southern Transdanubian region. The peculiarity of this area’s land ownership was that more than two-third of the lands were owned by Prince Hohehnlohe of Germany. In this area vast forests and many swamps can be found, and only a small proportion of the land can be cultivated. The examination has shown that slowly, but progressively the economic system of the rural population was changing. Agricultural production (growing crops, raising animals, viticulture and horticulture) remained the most important, but there were increasing opportunities for industrial and trading options too. The number of self-employed businessman and their trades increased. The largest change happened in the service sector. Trade became more widespread; alongside traditional general stores the quickly expanding Hangya entitiy grew in significance. More and more cooperatives were founded in the village: in the 1930s credit and milk cooperatives were operating. Infrastructure improved too: along the good enough railway access public roads were built and electric power transmission reached the village. The analysis shows that the introduction of capitalism slowly made the rural population to adopt to the developing market realities in two decades.

A gazdasági újjáépítés nehézségei Közép- és Kelet-Európában a második világháború után (1945-1948)

Domonkos Endre — Wed, 23 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0200

After the Second World War, Central and Eastern-Europe was subordinated to the Soviet empire, which had profound impacts both economically and politically. The main aim of the USSR was to abolish the economic pillars of independence in all countries of the region. Besides war damages and human losses, Central and Eastern Europe was hit by a general scarcity of basic goods, foodstuffs, and raw materials. Measures introduced within the war economy between 1939 and 1945, including the compulsory deliveries of agricultural products and their central distribution, as well as price and wage regulations were retained in the immediate postwar years. Economic recovery in the defeated countries of the region (Hungary, Bulgaria, and Romania) was hindered by war reparations. Reparation liabilities and deliveries to the Soviet Union amounted to 17 per cent of national income, which diverted substantial resources from the national economy during the reconstruction period.
The objective of the paper is to give an overview about the challenges of economic and financial reconstruction in Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Hungary in the years 1945-1948. First, the background of monetary reform will be analysed by highlighting the main differences between the three countries of the region. Then, it is essential to evaluate the outcomes of economic recovery by placing emphasis on the key characteristics of the selected countries. Due to length constraints, the essay will not focus on the consequences of the nationalisation process in Central and Eastern Europe.

A nemzetközi turizmus változásai a Balaton régiójában 1990 után

Wilhelm Réka — Wed, 23 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0200

In the years before the regime change, Lake Balaton was one of the most important destinations for international tourism in Hungary. Today it is still the second most popular destination in Hungary, but the number of foreign guests and overnight stays has dropped significantly compared to the years of mass tourism.
The aim of this article is to explore these quantitative changes and to examine which countries are now sending the most visitors to Hungary. First, it briefly describes mass tourism during the years of socialism and its consequences. It details the changes in visitor flows at national level after 1990, and then the most important processes in the region of Lake Balaton. Finally, it examines the development of tourism supply, with a focus on accommodation, as a key element in meeting this new type of demand. To answer the research questions, I used literature, press materials and internet databases, which showed that the ratio of domestic and foreign guests and overnight stays at Lake Balaton has been reversed. While until the early 2000s it was mainly the former socialist countries of Central and Eastern Europe that generated the highest number of visitors to our country, today it is the Western countries, led by Germany, that provide the most tourists. So, in the last decades, Lake Balaton has to serve modern, western needs, for which the development of commercial accommodation is essential. The number of certified three, four and five-star hotels in the region has been steadily increasing over the past 30 years, but this alone is not enough to boost international traffic.

Szávai Ferenc (editor): British Diplomatic Papers on the Birth of the New Borders of Central Europe 1918-1920. Szeged, Egyesület Közép-Európa Kutatására. Közép-Európai Monográfiák No. 32. 2024.

Gulyás László — Wed, 23 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0200

Szávai Ferenc (editor): British Diplomatic Papers on the Birth of the New Borders of Central Europe 1918-1920. Szeged, Egyesület Közép-Európa Kutatására. Közép-Európai Monográfiák No. 32. 2024.

Dömők Csilla: Európa az integráció útján, a nemzeti elvtől a regionalizmusig. Szeged, Egyesület Közép-Európa Kutatására. Középeurópai Monográfiák No. 33. 2025.

Szávai Ferenc — Wed, 23 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0200

Dömők Csilla: Európa az integráció útján, a nemzeti elvtől a regionalizmusig. Szeged, Egyesület Közép-Európa Kutatására. Középeurópai Monográfiák No. 33. 2025.

A vállalati képzés-fejlesztés szerepe a döntéshozatalban

Bachmann-Matisa Júlia — Wed, 23 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0200

Training and development, as one of the most important functions of HR, can be an important indicator in the life of an organisation, especially if it is consciously planned and organised by decision-makers. The CRANET survey aims to gather information on human resource management (HRM) practices and their changes in different countries, making it one of the key studies whose results not only provide a basis for comparison based on objective measurements, but also allow further lessons to be drawn, especially for the Hungarian context. Within the questionnaire, the training and development aspect appears in several sections. Focusing on staff development, I sought to identify a statistically verifiable correlation between the subsections of development and career management methods and the decisionmakers responsible for training development: the focus of my investigation was the assumption that it does not matter who the main decision-maker is: the less the manager decides on training development issues, the more the organisation decides to apply development and career management methods.

A bizalom, mint a környezetbarát termékek fogyasztói elfogadásának kritikus tényezője

Lányi Beatrix — Wed, 23 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0200

In recent years environmental issues gained significant interest that has led to an increased awareness of environmentally friendly products. However, trust plays a crucial role, how consumers approach to and adopt these products. Trust serves as the core upon which consumer acceptance of environmentally friendly products is built. Consumers are more likely to choose these products when they feel that they are behaving eco-friendly and sustainable. Trust is multifaceted and can be influenced by various factors, including the credibility of product claims, brand reputation, and transparency in manufacturing processes.
One of the most crucial factors influencing trust in environmentally friendly products is the credibility of their environmental claims. Consumers are increasingly analysing product labels and certifications to ascertain their authenticity. Companies that provide clear and transparent information about their products’ environmental attributes foster trust among consumers. Moreover, third-party certifications from reputable organizations serve as a signal of credibility, reassuring consumers of the product’s environmental authorization.
This paper gives an overview about the importance of trust in consumers’ acceptance of environmentally friendly products. In-depth interviews were carried out for the deeper analysis to highlight the drivers and disincentives of trust in green products. The possible reasons behind the still moderate level of trust in environmentally friendly products are analyzed and suggestions are formulated how these information barriers could be overcome or eventually be eliminated completely. It is important in the future as trust plays a fundamental role in consumer acceptance of environmentally friendly products. Credibility, brand reputation, and transparency are essential factors shaping consumer trust in these products. As consumer awareness of environmental issues continues to rise, companies must prioritize building and maintaining trust to succeed in the growing market for environmentally friendly products.

A magyar felsőoktatás minőségbiztosítása 1918-tól napjainkig

Schmuck Roland — Wed, 23 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0200

The research describes the quality assurance of Hungarian higher education from 1918 to the present times. This century can divided into three major distinguishable eras: (1) between the two world wars; (2) from the Second World War to the change of the regime; (3) after the change of the regime to present times. Hungarian higher education had a long evolving way in these eras. All of these eras included a major change in the higher education system based on social demands and political pressure. The needs of the different stakeholders resulted in different systems, including the goals, the institutions, and their processes. This resulted in different quality outcomes. The universities as we know nowadays are based on the conception of Humboldt which was introduced in the early 19th century and used until the end of the Second World War in Hungary. The socialism changed the education based on its ideology emphasizing the vertical social movement. After the change of the regime, the focus went to free choice of the young and the demands of the market. The academic freedom of Humboldt came alive again. As quality assurance was not as developed as nowadays in the first part of the 20th century, the current mainstream frameworks – such as the principles of quality management - can not be used to determine the quality of Hungarian higher education in all eras. The framework of stakeholders is used for the research, including four main stakeholders: (1) society; (2) government; (3) students and employers; (4) higher education institutions and professors.

Gustav Stresemann külpolitikájának jellemzői

Dömők Csilla — Wed, 23 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0200

Gustav Stresemann is considered Weimar’s most important statesman. Its historic achievement lay in its ability to incorporate the French need for security and to strike a balance between German interest and the European order. With the Treaty of Locarno, negotianed on the initiative of Gustav Stresemann, Germany, France and Belgium guaranteed each other the status quo on the Rhine in Oktober 1925. Locarno made no substantive changes and in fact voluntarily re-codified the Versailles provisions. As a confidence-building measure, Locarno was first and foremost an investmen in „soft power”, the return on which was expented in the form of further revisions. When Germany was admitted to the League of Nations in 1926, it was one of the three great Euopean powers. In the same year, Stresemann was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize together with his French colleague Aristide Briand, The same Gustav Stresemann, who had been a supporter of extreme annexation peace during the First World War. This begs the Question, what was the link between reivisionism and understanding?

A leszerelés kérdése a Nemzeti Fasiszta Párt politikájában

Hamerli Petra — Wed, 23 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0200

As a result of the experience of the Great War (1914–1918), the disarmament, firstly conceptualized in the Fourteen Points of American President Thomas Woodrow Wilson, has become a crucial problem of international affairs in the Interwar Period. Italy’s attitude toward it was ambivalent: on one hand, Italy wanted to demonstrate its promptness of cooperation with France, United Kingdom and United States of America, but on the other hand, the National Fascist Party’s hegemonic ambitions did not match with the conception of disarmament. The London Naval Conference (1930) can be considered as the culmination of the conflict on the question of the maximum size of the naval forces between Italy and France, as French politicians urged the changing of the parity declared by the Washington Naval Treaty (1922). The question of Italian–French parity was negotiated at the Geneva Disarmament Conference (1932) as well, but the parties could not find any solution. In London and in Geneva Dino Grandi, Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs, represented Italy and did his best to find a compromise in the question, but his efforts caused some disagreements with Benito Mussolini, Head of Government, showing the contradictions of the Fascist policy.

Hiperinfláció és stabilizáció Magyarországon 1945-46-ban

Schlett András — Wed, 23 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0200

The inflation that raged in Hungary in the spring and summer of 1946 was one of the highest inflation rates in history, often mentioned in conjunction with the 1993 Yugoslav and 2008 Zimbabwean inflations. The extremely rapid price increases drew the attention of economists, and many of them used Hungarian inflation data for their research. However, they not only recognized and studied the uniqueness of the Hungarian monetary depreciation at the time but also spoke with admiration about the efforts to improve the economic situation, which ultimately led to the introduction of the new stable currency, the forint. The study provides an overview of the causes of the acceleration of inflation and the unique attempts to curb inflation. It extensively presents the circumstances surrounding the preparation for stabilization and the introduction of the forint. The conclusions drawn here can serve as valuable supplementary information for research into the history of inflation and as a basis for historical comparisons with the inflationary situations in other countries.

Vezérfonal a szintézisíráshoz II/1. A demokratikus kísérlet elbukása 1944–1948.

Gulyás László — Wed, 23 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0200

At the end of 1944, at the beginning of 1945, the Red Army conquered Hungary. By the summer of 1948, the Hungarian communist emerging from domestic illegality or returning from emigration is Moscow built up their dictatorship. All this happened on Stalin’s order, and with the help of the Soviet Union. In this study, we present a firs stage of this process. The starting point of the section we are examining is December 21 of 1944, when Provisional National Assembly began his deliberations. In while its end point is Februray 1 of 1946, when the second Hungarian Republic was proclaimed.

Sportklubok és városi fejlődés

Faragó Beatrix — Wed, 23 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0200

Sports clubs play a significant role in urban development in Hungary, both economically and socially. These institutions not only shape the local sports scene but also function as community centres that contribute to improving the health of the population and strengthening community cohesion. Events, competitions, and trainings organized by sports clubs stimulate the development of urban infrastructure, especially in terms of sports facilities, transport networks and services. The purpose of the study is to show what concrete synergies these institutions create with local economies and social processes, as well as how they contribute to the sustainable development of cities. The analyses focus on sports organizations in Hungary, regarding the number of sports clubs, their revenues and employment indicators.